Bluetooth Low Energy Fundamentals

Changing the version will not affect your certificate
Lesson 1 –  Bluetooth LE Introduction
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
What is Bluetooth LE?
GAP: Device roles and topologies
ATT & GATT: Data representation and exchange
PHY: Radio modes
Exercise 1 – Testing a Bluetooth LE connection
Lesson 1 quiz
Lesson 2 – Bluetooth LE Advertising
7 Topics | 1 Quiz
Advertising process
Advertising types
Bluetooth address
Advertisement packet
Exercise 1 – Setting the advertising data
Exercise 2 – Advertising Manufacturer Specific Data
Exercise 3 – Connectable advertising and address configuration
Lesson 2 quiz
Lesson 3 – Bluetooth LE Connections
4 Topics | 1 Quiz
Connection process
Connection parameters
Exercise 1 – Connecting to your smartphone
Exercise 2 – Updating the connection parameters
Lesson 3 quiz
Lesson 4 – Data exchange in Bluetooth LE
6 Topics | 1 Quiz
GATT operations
Services and characteristics
Attribute table
Exercise 1 – Creating a custom service and characteristics
Exercise 2 – Adding notification and indication support
Exercise 3 – Sending data between a UART and a Bluetooth LE connection
Lesson 4 quiz
Lesson 5 – Security in Bluetooth LE communication
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
Pairing process
Legacy pairing vs LE Secure Connections
Security modes
Exercise 1 – Add pairing support to a Bluetooth LE application
Exercise 2 – Implement bonding and a Filter Accept List
Lesson 5 quiz
Lesson 6 – Bluetooth LE sniffer
5 Topics | 1 Quiz
Sniffing Bluetooth LE packets
Setting up nRF Sniffer for Bluetooth LE
Exercise 1 – Capture and analyze Bluetooth advertising packets
Exercise 2 – Inspect a Bluetooth connection, analyze GAP and GATT packets
Exercise 3 – Follow and decrypt a paired connection
Lesson 6 quiz
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Bluetooth address

Every Bluetooth LE device is identified by a unique 48-bit address. Bluetooth addresses are categorized as either public or random. Random addresses are further classified as either static or private, depending on whether they change or not. And lastly, private addresses are either resolvable or non-resolvable. The image below shows how Bluetooth addresses are categorized. Note that random and private addresses are merely classification types and not actual address types.

A Bluetooth LE device uses at least one of these address types:

  • Public address
  • Random static address
  • Random private resolvable
  • Random private non-resolvable

Note

The public address assigned to a device is drawn out of the same IEEE address pool as MAC addresses (e.g. for ethernet, Wi-Fi), and therefore it is also commonly referred to as a Bluetooth MAC address.

Public address

A public address is a fixed address that is programmed into the device at the manufacturer. It must be registered with the IEEE registration authority, and it’s globally unique to that device and cannot change during the lifetime of the device. There is a fee associated with obtaining this type of address.

Random address

A random address is much more commonly used, as it does not require registration with the IEEE and can be manually configured by the user. This is also the default address type in the samples in the nRF Connect SDK. It is either programmed within the device or created during runtime. You can either have a static or a private address.

Random static address

A random static address can be allocated and fixed throughout the lifetime of the device. It can be altered at bootup, but not during runtime. This is a low-cost alternative to a public address because you don’t need to register it.

As mentioned above, all Bluetooth LE devices must use either a public address or a random static address, where the latter is far more common.

Random private address

A private address can be used when a device wishes to protect its privacy. This is an address that changes periodically and is used to hide the device’s identity and to deter device tracking.

A random private address can be resolvable or non-resolvable, and are described below.

Resolvable random private address

A resolvable private address is, true to its name, resolvable as intended listeners have a pre-shared key by which they can figure out the new address every time it changes. The pre-shared key is the Identity Resolving Key (IRK) and is used both to generate and to resolve the random address.

The random address is basically just used by the peer to be able to resolve the actual address of the Bluetooth LE device, which is still either the public or the random static address. The IRK allows the peer to translate the random private address into the device’s real Bluetooth LE address.

Non-resolvable random private address

A non-resolvable private address is not resolvable by other devices and is only intended as a way to prevent tracking. This type of address is not commonly used.

To summarize there are four different types of addresses:

  • Public address: Programmed into the device by the manufacturer, and is registered with the IEEE.
  • Random static address: Configurable at boot up and is fixed through the lifetime of the device. Does not need to be registered with the IEEE, and is a common alternative to a public address.
  • Resolvable random private address: (optional) An address that changes periodically, but is resolvable by means of a pre-shared key.
  • Non-resolvable random private address: (optional) An address that changes periodically and is not resolvable.

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      Change summary

      What's new in the latest version

      General updates

      General updates

      •Support for nRF54LS05 DK (Available through the early access sampling program)
      •Support for the nRF54LM20B with Axon NPU for Edge AI applications
      Bluetooth LE updates

      Bluetooth LE updates

      •Quality of Service module is now production-ready.
      •New experimental features for RF testing (Direct Test Mode) and low-latency packet handling (LE Flushable ACL).
      MCUboot & Partition Manager

      MCUboot & Partition Manager

      •Single-Slot DFU and RAM Load mode are both promoted to fully supported
      •Partition Manager is officially deprecated in favor of Zephyr's devicetree-based partitioning.